I prayed all the obligatory prayers in congregation, but after finishing the `Isha prayer, I remembered that I had forgotten to pray Dhuhr. What should I do, and is my prayer invalid?
Your prayers are valid, but you must make up the Dhuhr prayer as soon as you remember it, based on the saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him): "Whoever forgets a prayer must pray it as soon as they remember it; there is no expiation for it except this." [Muslim]. And Allah knows best
How should I be kind to my atheist father?
Allah, The Exalted, has decreed and ordained his slaves to be kind with parents, even if they are polytheists, by honoring and obeying them in all that isn`t sinful, so that they might love Islam and embrace it as a result.
Does the deceased hear the supplications or recitations of those visiting his/her grave? And does making constant supplications for the deceased who didn`t adhere to performing the prescribed prayers ameliorate his/her affliction?
Praise be to Allah the Lord of the Worlds.
In principle, the dead hear the living since it has been rigorously authenticated that the Prophet (PBUH) ordered the bodies of the idolaters slain in the Battle of Badr to be buried. He then approached them and called them one by one and said: "Have you found what your Lord promised to be true for we have found what our Lord promised us to be true." Umar asked him: "O messenger of God! Why do you speak to lifeless bodies?" The Prophet (PBUH) replied: "By the One Who has sent me with the truth! You do not hear my words better than they do except that they cannot respond." [Agreed upon].
However, not all the deceased are in the same situation because Allah The Almighty Knows: "Before them is a Partition till the Day they are raised up." [Al-Mu`minun/100]. Moreover, supplication reaches the deceased. And Allah Knows Best..
Does the date for menstrual menses change, and how is the increase calculated?
If the bleeding lasts no less than (24) hours, but doesn’t exceed (15) days, and the purity interval between the two menses is no less than (15) days, then it is menstruation even if the date of menses changes, or its duration increases.
