Articles

The Social Function of Writing and Authorship
Author : Dr. Hassan Abu_Arqoub
Date Added : 07-08-2024

Writing and authorship serve several functions that authors need to consider, such as compiling scattered information, clarifying ambiguities, or solving problems, among others. However, a group of Muslim scholars viewed a completely different function: the social function. This means that the purpose of authorship is to provide a service to the community and the nation, not just to students of knowledge. These services vary depending on the issues the scholar views as requiring solutions. Following are three examples to illustrate and explain this point:


First: Imam Abu al-Maali al-Juwayni (d. 478 AH), known as Imam al-Haramain, authored his famous book "Ghayath al-Ummam fi al-Tiyas al-Zulm" based on a premise: What should be done if a time is devoid of scholars and jurists? He addresses the concerns of the nation and provides solutions to this problem that a community might face. This demonstrates a thoughtful approach that serves the community by identifying a problem and proposing a solution. He states: "Let it be clear that the basis for the Sharia is its transmitted sources, and those who bear its burdens are those capable of ijtihad, who embody the highest virtues of piety and righteousness. They are the pillars and supports. If a time were to be devoid of such pillars and supports, then I would adhere to the principle of patience and caution. I wonder what will the devoted do when the sea of corruption swells? When people substitute extremism and negligence for the path of moderation, and Muslims are afflicted with scholars who are unreliable due to their corruption and ascetics who are not to be followed due to their laxity! Will there remain any path to guidance, or will people be lost in chaos, neglecting their direction, and rushing towards ruin?"


Second: The "Hujjat al-Islam" Imam al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH), the student of Imam al-Haramain, who follows the same path. It is likely that this concern for the nation and society was transmitted to him from his teacher. Imam al-Ghazali, when he observed that most people had turned away from the path of the Hereafter and followed their whims and desires, and that their time had deprived them of true inheritors of the prophets, leaving the era devoid of those who guide to Allah, except for whom Allah wills, sought to address this gap. He aimed to correct the course of the nation and Muslim societies through his valuable book "Ihya' Ulum al-Din". The "Hujjat al-Islam" says: "The guides on the path are the scholars who are the heirs of the prophets. The time has been devoid of them, leaving only those who are merely pretenders. Most of them have been overtaken by Satan and misled by tyranny. Each one has become engrossed in his own immediate gains, seeing good as evil and evil as good. Thus, the knowledge of religion has become obscured, and the beacon of guidance on the earth has become dim... As for the knowledge of the Hereafter and what the righteous predecessors practiced, which Allah has described in His Book as understanding, wisdom, knowledge, light, and guidance, it has become forgotten and neglected among the people. Given that this is a serious breach and an alarming issue in religion, I saw it necessary to engage in compiling this book, aiming to revive the sciences of religion, reveal the methods of the early imams, and clarify the benefits of useful knowledge as understood by the righteous predecessors."


Third: Shaykh al-Islam, Imam Taj al-Din al-Subki (d. 771 AH), to address a question that resonates with people and impacts their lives: How can one return blessings after losing them? He discusses the responsibilities of craftsmen, officials, and merchants, and what pertains to each of them. He summarizes this in the introduction to his book "Mua'id al-Ni'am wa Mubiid al-Niqam", saying: "Is there a way for someone who has lost a religious or worldly blessing to regain it? I hope that anyone who has experienced a blessing from Allah in their religion or worldly life and has lost it, if they read this book with belief, understand it, and act upon its teachings after believing in them, will have that blessing or something better returned to them. Their worries will be entirely removed, and they will be transformed into a state of joy and happiness."

 

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Summarized Fatawaa

Is it permissible to offer an Udhiyah on behalf of the deceased?

In the Name of Allah, and may peace and blessings be upon our Master, the Messenger of Allah.
 
Offering an Udhiyah (sacrificial animal) on behalf of a deceased person is permissible. This is the official position of the Hanbali school (as stated in Kashshaf al-Qina’ by al-Bahuti,Vol.6/P.428) and was also upheld by the prominent Shafi'i scholar Al-’Abbadi (mentioned in Bidayat al-Muhtaj by Ibn Qadi Shuhbah,Vol. 4/P.358). It has likewise been narrated as a valid view among some Maliki and Hanafi scholars.
 
In fact, Imam Abu Dawud dedicated an entire chapter in his Sunan collection entitled, "Chapter on Sacrificing on Behalf of the Deceased." In it, he recorded a narration from Hanash, who said: "I saw 'Ali sacrificing two rams, so I asked him, 'What is this?' He replied, 'The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) commanded me to offer a sacrifice on his behalf, so I am sacrificing on his behalf.'"
 
Imam Abu Dawud also narrated from Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) that the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "O Allah, this is from You, for You, and on behalf of Muhammad and his Ummah (community). In the Name of Allah, and Allah is the Greatest," and he then slaughtered the animal.
 
The textual evidence here lies in the fact that our Master, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), offered a sacrifice on behalf of his entire community—and it is well-established that his community includes those who have already passed away.
 
Furthermore, there is an abundance of sacred texts demonstrating that the rewards of righteous deeds reach the deceased. For instance, it is permissible to fast on behalf of a deceased person who passed away with missed obligatory fasts, and it is equally permissible to perform Hajj on their behalf, both of which are firmly established in authentic Hadiths. Therefore, if the reward of fasting (which is a purely physical act of worship) and Hajj (which is a joint physical and financial act of worship) can reach the deceased, then the reward of an Udhiyah reaches them with greater reason (by way of A Fortiori argument). This is because it is a purely financial act of worship, falling under the general category of charity (Sadaqah).
 
Additionally, scholars have reached a consensus (Ijma') that the rewards of charity reach the deceased, and since the Udhiyah is inherently an act of charity, it falls under the same ruling. Consequently, based on all the aforementioned evidence, we hold the view that offering a sacrifice on behalf of the deceased is entirely permissible. And Allah the Almighty Knows Best.

What is the ruling if someone wipes his head then shaves it - must he repeat it?

If a person performing ablution shaves his head after wiping it during ablution, he is not required to re-wipe his head or repeat the ablution. And Allah the Almighty knows best.

What is the ruling on undoing braids of hair during the ritual bath?

It is not a condition to undo braids if the water reaches all the hair and penetrates to its base. If the water does not reach except by undoing the braids, then it is obligatory to undo them for the water to reach. And Allah the Almighty knows best.

Can a woman leading other women in Tarawih prayer recite aloud?

Yes, a woman leading other women in Tarawih prayer is allowed to recite aloud, as long as no non-mahram (other than unmarriageable kin) men can hear her.