Is it permissible for a person who broke fasting in Ramadan because of being sick to pay a ransom?
                                If there is hope for him/her to be cured, then he would be required to make up for the missed fasting days when he/she recovers, and no ransom is due on him/her. If his/her disease is incurable, then he/she would be required to pay a ransom for each missed fasting day, which is (600) grams of wheat, or rice. And Allah Knows Best.
                             
                        
                            
                                
                                Does the time of Fajr (dawn) prayer start after the first Athaan (call for prayer), or the second one?
                                All perfect praise be to Allah,The Lord of The Worlds                                                                                                                                                                    The time of Fajr prayer starts after the second Adhan. And Allah Knows Best.
                             
                        
                            
                                
                                Is it permissible for a woman to visit the doctor while in her `Iddah (waiting period)?
                                It is permissible for her to do that during day time, but it is impermissible for her to leave her house at night except for a sound reason. And Allah Knows Best.
                             
                        
                            
                                
                                Is it permissible to make ablution without answering the call of nature after waking up?
                                Washing front and back openings (Istinjaa`) is not a condition for the validity of ablution because it is done to remove Najaasah (impurity), thus if there is no Najaasah, there is no need for that, and then it is permissible to make ablution without answering the call of nature. However, prayer is invalidated if there is Najaasah on the anus ,or the front opening, so it (Najaasah) must be removed for the prayer to become valid, and not the ablution.