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Reverence for the Fatwa is Reverence for Allah: The General Mufti
Author : Dr Noah Ali Salman
Date Added : 31-07-2024

 

Mr. Sameer Jannakat wrote an article in the "Al-Rai" newspaper on August 26, 2009, expressing his astonishment at the fatwa issued in an Arab country allowing athletes to break their fast. He humorously praised the General Iftaa' Department in Jordan for carefully verifying the questioner, the question, and the answer, and for dealing with the matter with the required seriousness, ensuring that no misinterpretations or incorrect interpretations occur.

We thank Mr. Sameer for his praise and commendation of the Department. We believe that no student of knowledge should approach fatwas except in this manner, which demonstrates an understanding of their importance and value. Since the mufti conveys and signs on behalf of God, as the scholars have said, the matter must be approached with the utmost seriousness. What would you say about someone who signs on behalf of an important state official if they handle the subjects they sign off on in any other way? Allah, the Exalted, the Glorious, is greater and more magnificent than all greats.

Negligence in issuing fatwas has led some people to take fatwas lightly, and the word "fatwa" has come to mean a legal loophole or circumventing Sharia rulings. However, a fatwa is the ruling of Allah on the subject being asked about. Some people have come to believe that a fatwa is something that provides leniency for people, while anyone can impose strictness.

Those who say this do not realize that its meaning is different from what people intend. The point is that if a mufti declares something to be forbidden, they should provide a lawful alternative. This is the principle of Islamic legislation as a whole. Whenever something is prohibited, a lawful alternative is provided. For example, while Riba/usury is prohibited, Islamic law permits profit-sharing, partnerships, and loans when necessary. This principle applies to other Sharia rulings as well.

Today, the Islamic scene is filled with numerous fatwas that sometimes contradict each other and confuse Muslims. While this reflects the engagement in the Islamic arena as a sign of Islamic awakening, it also has a negative impact on the general Muslim public and those whose hearts are being won over. Some argue that the confusion leads them to turn away from religion entirely, which is an irrational response. Disagreements are old and are a sign of the vitality of Islamic law, but these disagreements are resolved through one of two ways:

The first approach: If the ruler adopts a particular legal ruling, then everyone should adhere to it. This is why it is said that the ruling of the judge resolves disputes.

The second approach: Muslims should seek guidance from knowledgeable and reputable scholars known for their wisdom and deliberation, and disregard others. This is based on the Quranic injunction (What means): "Ask the people of knowledge if you do not know" [An-Nahl/43] and He, The Exalted Said (What means): "If only they had referred it to the Messenger and to those in authority among them, they would have known it" [An-Nisa /83]. In such cases, one should not be concerned with other opinions or pay them any attention.

The minimum level of handling religious issues should be the same as handling medical issues. Just as one would not accept treatment from anyone who merely claims to be a doctor, but would rather verify and seek out a reputable expert, so too should one approach religious matters with the same level of scrutiny and care.

Those who seek fame through issuing unusual and errant fatwas should remember The Words of Allah (What means): "Their testimony will be recorded, and they will be questioned." [Az-Zukhruf/19] as well as, He The Almighty Says (What means): "On the Day of Resurrection, you will see those who lied against Allah with their faces blackened. Is there not in Hell a residence for the arrogant?" [Az-Zumar/60].

In addition, those who are lenient with issuing fatwas to please or win favor with people should be reminded of Allah's Words (What means): "And you have come to Us alone, just as We created you the first time." [Al-An'am/94]. Further, He, The Exalted, Says (What means): "Indeed, they will not avail you against Allah." [Al-Jathiya/19].

These verses should make scholars wary and even fearful of issuing fatwas, lest they slip and fall into the Fire. This is why many scholars of the past and present refrained from issuing fatwas unless urgent, seeking Allah's help and guidance, and repeating His (Almighty Allah) Words (What means): "You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help. Guide us to the Straight Path." [Al-Fatiha/5-6].

Moreover, we extend our thanks to Mr. Samir, and to Mr. Khalid Al-Qudat, whom Mr. Samir mentions as saying that "we gave him hard times before issuing a fatwa." In reality, we were keen on his safety and our own before Almighty Allah as this is a matter of concern for the religion of the questioner and the hereafter of the party in charge of issuing fatwas. May Allah guide whom He Wills to the Straight Path.

 

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Summarized Fatawaa

What is the recommended supplication (Du'a) upon breaking the fast, and is it recited before or after breaking it?

 
All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon our master, the Messenger of Allah.
 
It is recommended (Mustahabb) for a fasting person to recite upon breaking the fast—that is, immediately after eating or drinking—the supplication: "Allahumma laka sumtu wa 'ala rizqika aftartu" (O Allah, for You I have fasted, and with Your provision I have broken my fast).
 
This is because our master, the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), used to say this. The narration was recorded by Abu Dawud with a good (Hasan) chain of transmission, albeit in a Mursal form (a narration where a Successor reports directly from the Prophet). Shaykh al-Islam Imam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (may Allah have mercy upon him) stated: "Its Mursal status is inconsequential, as it pertains to virtuous deeds (Fada'il); furthermore, it was connected (Mawsul) through another chain of transmission." [Tuhfat al-Muhtaj, Vol.3/P.425]
 
It is also recommended to recite: "Dhahaba al-dhama'u wa ibtallat al-'uruqu wa thabata al-ajru in sha' Allah" (The thirst has gone, the veins are moistened, and the reward is confirmed, if Allah wills).
 
This was recorded by Abu Dawud with a good (Hasan) chain. Our leading jurists (Imams) have explicitly stated that it is recommended for the fasting person to combine both supplications.
 
Imam al-Bajuri (may Allah have mercy upon him) stated:
 
 
"And his saying following his breaking of the fast—that is, it is recommended to say: 'O Allah, for You I have fasted, upon Your provision I have broken my fast, in You I have believed, to You I have submitted, and upon You I have relied. The thirst has gone, the veins are moistened, and the reward is confirmed, if Allah wills. O You of vast bounty, forgive me. Praise be to Allah Who aided me so that I fasted, and provided for me so that I broke my fast. O Allah, grant us success in fasting, enable us to stand in night prayer during it, and aid us in it while people sleep, and admit us to Paradise in peace.'" [Hashiyat al-Bajuri, Vol.1/P.562]
 
Furthermore, the fasting person may supplicate with whatever good he or she wishes, for the supplication of a fasting person is answered. Al-Bayhaqi recorded on the authority of Anas ibn Malik that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said: "Three supplications are not rejected: the supplication of a parent for his child, the supplication of a fasting person, and the supplication of a traveler." And Allah Almighty knows best.

What is the validity of the formula for sending blessings upon our master Muḥammad ﷺ: *"Allāhumma ṣalli wa sallim wa bārik ‘alā sayyidinā Muḥammad wa ‘alā ālihi, ‘adada kamāli-Llāhi wa kamā yalīqu bikamālihi"* ("O Allah, send blessings, peace, and grace upon our master Muḥammad and his family, by the number of Allah's perfection, and as befits His perfection")?

All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon our master, the Messenger of Allah ﷺ.
It is permissible to send blessings upon our master, the Prophet ﷺ, using the formula mentioned in the question, since sending blessings upon the Prophet ﷺ is an act of devotion legislated in its basic essence, without a specific prescribed wording required outside of the formal prayer itself. It is therefore valid to perform it outside of prayer using any formula. This particular formula involves multiplying the blessings sent upon the Chosen Prophet ﷺ to the number of the perfections of Allah, the Exalted — which are limitless — so that, by Allah's permission, its reward and benefit never cease.
The meaning of "the number of Allah's perfection" is that it is without limit, making the blessings sent boundless, corresponding to His perfection, Glorified is He, which cannot be enumerated or counted. This formula is analogous to the words of our Greatest Prophet ﷺ, as related in the authentic ḥadīth narrated by Imam Muslim: the Prophet ﷺ said to Sayyidah Juwayriyyah (raḍiyallāhu ‘anhā): "Indeed, I said four phrases after you [left], three times, which, if weighed against everything you have said since this morning, would outweigh them: Subḥān Allāhi wa biḥamdihi, ‘adada khalqihi, wa riḍā nafsihi, wa zinata ‘arshihi, wa midāda kalimātihi" (Glory be to Allah, and praise be to Him, by the number of His creation, by His pleasure, by the weight of His Throne, and by the extent of His words). And Allah, the Exalted, knows best.

What is the ruling on making up missed fasts from many years?

A Muslim must make up for any missed fasts, as they are a debt owed to Allah. The Prophet ﷺ said:
"The debt owed to Allah is more deserving of being fulfilled." [Narrated by Muslim]
Whoever has missed fasts must make them up as long as they are alive and capable of fasting.

A man led the people in prayer as imam, and at the end of the prayer he performed a prostration of forgetfulness (*sujūd al-sahw*) because he had omitted a short *sūrah* after al-Fātiḥah. What is the ruling on his prayer and that of those praying behind him?

 

All praise is due to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon our master, the Messenger of Allah.
According to the Shāfiʿī school, it is sunnah to recite a sūrah after al-Fātiḥah in the prayer. One who omits it has a valid prayer, and no prostration of forgetfulness (sujūd al-sahw) is prescribed for omitting it. If someone performs sujūd al-sahw for its omission while knowing the ruling and remembering it, his prayer is invalidated. But one who is ignorant of the ruling, or who did so out of forgetfulness, his prayer is not invalidated, because this is among the matters that are obscure to people, and ignorance of it is not restricted to those who recently entered Islam.
Shaykh al-Islām al-Shams al-Ramlī said in Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj ilā Sharḥ al-Minhāj (Vol.2/p.70): “The remaining sunnahs are not compensated for by prostration, such as the remembrances (adhkār) of bowing and prostration, that is, the opening supplication (duʿāʾ al-iftitāḥ) and the sūrah, in accordance with the base rule, because they are not of the same nature as what has been reported [as compensable]. If one prostrates for any of them deliberately, his prayer is invalidated, unless he is excused due to ignorance. As for the objection raised that the ignorant person does not know that sujūd al-sahw is prescribed, and whoever knows it knows its place, this is refuted by denying such a necessary connection, for the ignorant person may hear only that sujūd al-sahw is prescribed before the salām, and so assume that it applies to every sunnah and is not restricted to its prescribed place.”
This is among the matters that are obscure, in which the mukallaf is excused for ignorance, as stated by al-Shabrāmallisī in his Ḥāshiyah ʿalā Nihāyat al-Muḥtāj (Vol.2/p.70).
However, if the imam prostrates, and the follower (maʾmūm) presumes that his imam’s prostration is for a reason for which one does not prostrate, it is not permissible to follow him in it, so long as the follower knows the ruling.
Accordingly, the prayer of one who did not recite a sūrah after al-Fātiḥah is valid, and sujūd al-sahw is not prescribed for it. Whoever prostrates out of ignorance or forgetfulness, his prayer is valid, because this is among the issues hidden from the general public. But whoever prostrates while knowing the ruling and remembering it, his prayer is invalidated. And Allah Almighty knows best.