Is it permissible to use Zakah money to cover the expenses of maintaining schools, hospitals, and universities?

I`m a tradesman and don`t know how to calculate the Zakah due on trading items. Hawl (Zakah year) has lapsed only over some of the goods; some have been damaged and I might return them to the owner. Sometimes, I pay for goods in advance and, sometimes, by installments. I also have money in my bank account, in addition to cash and uncashed checks. Also, people owe me money; some of which are repayable and some are unrepayable. I`m also indebted and have taxes and expenses to pay. I have vehicles, such as cars, trucks and the like, real estate; some are for trade and some aren`t, and some I rent to generate income. This is in addition to my own private money, car and house and other items not set for trade. My wife has also adornment gold, in addition to gold for saving. What is the ruling of Sharia on all of this?

What is the ruling of Sharia on collecting obligatory and voluntary charities in favor of what is called (Poor Female Student Fund) to help needy female students spend on their personal needs, and not their tuition?

After my father passed away, we found that he hadn`t paid the Zakah due on his wealth for several years. We calculated that Zakah and wanted to pay it to clear him from liability before Almighty Allah. However, because of certain conditions, we didn`t pay it and kept it in our possession for over two years and a half. Is Zakah liable on this kept 

What is the ruling of Sharia on receiving continuous charities and spending them on poor families? This takes the form of creating a small business, buying a fridge or a cooker, providing training, purchasing a car for sustaining work and the like. 

What is the ruling of Sharia on the Zakah of saffron? Moreover, is it permissible to pay its Zakah in cash? It is worth pointing that saffron is cultivated for almost six weeks a year.

 

Seven brothers have a company, but one of them is struggling financially and ran up debts estimated at more than two thousand, which he is demanded to pay off. Is it permissible for his father to give him the Zakah of the company`s money to pay off those debts?

I have miscalculated the Zakah on my wealth where I thought it was (5%) while it was (2.5%). I realized this mistake after I had distributed the Zakah. What is the ruling of Sharia on this? Is it permissible to consider the excess amount as advanced Zakah for the coming year?

As giver of Zakah, is it permissible for me to stipulate that the recipient of Zakah spends it in a certain channel?

What categories of people are eligible to receive Zakah?

What is the Islamic ruling on Zakah? What is the virtue of Zakah? When should Zakah be paid? And, is it permissible to pay Zakah before its due time?

What is the ruling of Sharia on receiving expiation money in favor of poor cancer patients in the form of food coupons; three JDs per meal?

I have given some money to a beggar, but I found out that she was rich. Therefore, my daughter tricked her and managed to take that money back. What is the Islamic ruling on what my daughter has done?

What is the ruling on paying Zakah funds, collected by a charity, to get those who meet the conditions of poverty and destitution married where a collective wedding will be held for twenty to thirty persons with a cost of one hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty thousand JDs?